渭北旱塬果园生态系统水肥调控技术研究

作者： 索改弟   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 土壤水分   苹果   深层干燥化   聚水集肥控根技术   渭北旱塬   根系  

描述： 随着果业种植规模的持续扩大，种植年限的增加以及化肥等的大量投入，渭北地区果园生态系统出现了一些严重问题，如土壤水分调控能力下降，出现了深层干燥化；化肥施用量大，利用率低下，造成了硝态氮深层累积等。为此本研究针对果园水肥利用率问题，在运用地表覆盖技术对果树进行调控的基础上，将起垄和壤中人工防渗层相结合

全文：的持续发展提供依据。结果表明： （1）起垄（垄台地膜—秸秆双重覆盖，垄沟覆盖秸秆）不同位置的土壤储水量在年周期内呈现双峰曲线变化趋势，分别在9月和2月达到高峰。在同等的位置上，垄沟部分含水量高于对照，垄台

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：将之作为研究整个有明一代太仓库发展、演变以及不同时期地位作用变化的核心文献。同时,本文利用各朝制书,如洪武时期《诸司职掌》、正德《明会典》、万历《明会典》、万历《太仓考》以及《万历会计录》等文献,对太仓

不同耕作措施对麦—豆轮作条件下土壤有机碳库的影响

作者： 毕冬梅   来源： 甘肃农业大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 碳素有效率   耕作措施   碳库管理指数   土壤有机碳库   轮作  

描述： 本文以甘肃农业大学定西旱农综合试验站的长期定位试验为基础,对麦-豆轮作次序下不同耕作措施间的土壤有机碳、易氧化碳、微生物量碳以及水溶性有机碳的含量进行了测定,计算了土壤碳素利用效率和碳库管理指数在

全文：本文以甘肃农业大学定西旱农综合试验站的长期定位试验为基础,对麦-豆轮作次序下不同耕作措施间的土壤有机碳、易氧化碳、微生物量碳以及水溶性有机碳的含量进行了测定,计算了土壤碳素利用效率和碳库管理指数在

神话与历史：大禹传说研究

作者： 杨栋   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 夏文化   神话与历史   大禹   古史辨派   大禹文化   大禹传说  

描述： by human and god. What is more important, Dayu spirit and culture due to him have a immeasurable effect on the formation process of Chinese civilization, on the political awareness of feudal state, on the lower-level life of the common people, and on the aesthetic culture of literature and art.

全文：文本叙事,它既表现出非逻辑性的“非叙述”性特点,又具有神圣叙事的原型编码性质；作为一种文化记忆,其演变与发展又打上了时代的烙印。鉴于此,本文对大禹传说主要作三方面解读： 1.历史考证——大禹传说中

宋朝宣抚使制度研究

作者： 郑丽萍   来源： 河北大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 中央集权   地方军政   行政制度   宋朝   宣抚使  

描述： as the top power in local areas.Famous politician and prime minister in feudal China Li Gang once said,“From the forefather，Xuan Fu was the most important position which can be held by current archon."

全文：地方上最重要的使职官员,与各级政府、官员形成了复杂多变的关系。从北宋中期起,宣抚使就取得了一定的便宜行事之权,有权辟置僚属、罢免官吏。至南宋,由于对金作战的需要使宣抚使便宜黜陟之权更是有了较大发展。由于

中国古代土壤改良技术研究

作者： 陈凡学   来源： 南京农业大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 中国古代   农业技术   土壤改良  

描述： eat attention to adopting various techniques to improve soil quality when plowing the soil, so that the soil could keep sustainable fertility and high rate of yield.

全文：和种植来对土壤进行改良。耕作,包括北方旱地蓄水保墒耕作、南方水田熟化土壤耕作、以及因时因地耕作对土壤性状改善。北方旱地耕作有耕耰、耕耱、耕耙耱三个阶段,南方水田有耕耨、耕耙、耕耙耖三个发展时期。合理种植

清代河西走廊土地利用及其环境效应

作者： 张钰   来源： 西北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 河西走廊   土地利用/土地覆被的变化   环境效应   历史地理  

描述： f the earth's surface.Therefore,it has great benefit for clarifying the mutual action between human beings and land and their change principles in the historical period when the land use and the land cover changes are chosen as the study perspective.

全文：的研究工作被迅速提上日程。 河西走廊地处祖国大陆腹地,曾是西北地区经济发展的一颗璀璨的明珠,创造了辉煌灿烂的走廊文明。然而明清以降,人们对土地资源肆意开发利用,并且日益演化为一系列生态问题,由于这些

宝鸡陈仓黑社火调查研究

作者： 姚欣杰   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 文化内涵   艺术形态   文化背景   黑社火  

描述： is a unique variety in are many types of Baoji Social and fire.

全文：论述,对于当地的文化生态,又着重从农林交贸、语言、宗教信仰、生活习俗(包括居住、饮食、婚丧、节日)四个角度进行了逐一阐述;其次以社火的起源和发展为切入点,梳理出了黑社火的历史源流及在不同社会背景下的兴衰历程

庆阳香包装饰纹样造型研究

作者： 刘学莘   来源： 东北林业大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 装饰纹样   庆阳香包   造型  

描述： sic forms of the decorative patterns, modeling rules as well as the cultural connotations of these rules. This research has filed in the gap and accounted the theory system of Qingyang sachets

全文：理论体系的构建添上一笔。其研究成果可为当前香包产品的造型设计提供参考与依据,也可为庆阳香包这一中华民族传统艺术的弘扬与发展提供更为广阔的舞台与空间。 对庆阳香包装饰纹样基本形态的研究,采用个案研究法

宋代荒政研究

作者： 魏伟   来源： 山东大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 仓储改革   灾荒   荒政思想   荒政  

描述： There are direct and indirect damage to human society which caused by natural disasters.

全文：创新。 第三章也是本文的重点。笔者选取具有时代特色的苏轼、王觌和董煟的荒政新思想,并对宋代荒政思想的发展状况进行总结与分析,由此得出古代的荒政思想在宋代逐步走向成熟这一结论。 第四章分为两节。第一节主要