渭河流域旱涝灾害研究

作者： 段文明   来源： 中国科学院研究生院(教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心) 年份： 2012 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 旱涝时空分布   旱涝事件   气候变化   渭河流域  

描述： 渭河流域是中华文明的发祥地，涉及甘肃、宁夏、陕西三省（区）。地处黄土高原南缘，秦岭北麓，属大陆性季风气候区、干旱地区和湿润地区的过渡地带。春暖干旱，夏季热而多雨但有伏旱，秋凉湿润，冬季干燥寒冷雨雪稀少。流域自然生态系统脆弱，对气候变化的反应敏感，抵御自然变化能力差。旱涝灾害是渭河流域主要的气象灾害，

全文：渭河流域旱涝演变趋势及旱涝时空分布特征，研究旱涝与气候变化关系及旱涝灾害事件。主要的研究进展如下： 1.渭河流域近540年旱涝等级演变规律： 在世纪尺度的干湿类型上，渭河流域15世纪末、16世纪属干旱

文化认同与文化控制：秦汉民间信仰研究

作者： 李秋香   来源： 河南大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 文化控制   文化认同   功能变迁   秦汉   民间信仰  

描述： le's understanding and regarding for the universe and the life at that time.

全文：控制类型主要分为禁忌类、巫术类、儒家伦理类、宗教类等四大部分。它们分别在解除人们日常生活中的焦虑感、维护家庭和谐、保护个体生命及其身体健康、减缓社会矛盾、协调人与自然之间的关系、和合不同社会阶层地位

明清医学专科目录研究

作者： 张晓丽   来源： 安徽大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 专科目录   医学   明清   文献价值  

描述： medical books. The medical literatures was very abundance in ancient China ,it were noted in the synthesis ogue.

全文：著述,及民间流传的医籍,反映时代变化与医学文献的发展；著录医书的类型多样,有医学杂志、教材、译著,及医疗歌诀、医学入门普及书籍等,体现明清时期医学文献的丰富多样性；目录的著录方法有不同,在著录撰人方面

传统儒家家庭伦理及其对我国现代家庭伦理建设的启示

作者： 裴夕   来源： 西南财经大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 现代家庭伦理   启示   儒家家庭伦理   建设  

描述： and trends, these new situation on the traditional family ethics raised new challenges in the traditional Confucian family ethics formed a huge impact.

全文：时期的社会主义社会,又尚未进入“现代化社会”,而是一种“过渡型社会”,它决定了现代中国文化的“过渡性”特征。兼有新旧两种社会文化类型的因素,形成一种二元化的文化结构。它表现为：家庭道德评价的失范性；家庭伦理道德

西辽河上游地区新石器时代至早期青铜时代植物遗存研究

作者： 孙永刚   来源： 内蒙古师范大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 早期青铜时代   西辽河上游   植物遗存   生业方式   新石器时代  

描述： 本文的研究目的主要是探讨西辽河上游地区的生态环境变化与北方旱作农业的起源和发展，以及不同考古学文化时期人类活动、植物遗存与生业方式的关系。本文涉及的年代范围是距今10000-3500年间，约相当于地学界的全新世初期至大暖期结束时期，或考古学界的新石器时代至早期青铜时代。 自二十世纪六十年代以来，随着

全文：旱作农业的影响、农作物遗存与其他经济类型的比重关系等问题的探索。 本文通过对西辽河上游地区新石器时代至早期青铜时代典型遗址进行系统的植物浮选，获得了第一手植物考古遗存资料。通过对这些植物遗存的生长习性

《诗经》中生活习俗研究

作者： 王志芳   来源： 山东大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 生活习俗   考古发现   综合分析   《诗经》   文献记载  

描述： 《诗经》以其记载历史的真实性和记叙内容的丰富性，加之诗歌特有的简洁、凝练、含蓄的艺术性，激发着历代学者的研究热情。许多学者从民俗学角度关注其中的生活习俗，挖掘和探究其深厚的民俗文化内涵。随着考古学的发展，考古资料逐渐被引进《诗经》研究领域，推动了《诗经》研究的进一步发展。本文在借助前人研究成果基础上

全文：、蔬菜为副食的基本饮食结构。随着各种饪食器的不断改进和丰富，蒸、煮、熬等逐渐取代烧、烤而成为主食烹饪的主要方法。这一时期的菜肴按烹调方法的不同，大致有炙品、醢、羹、脍、脯、脩、菹等类型。盐、梅、酒、饴

宋朝宣抚使制度研究

作者： 郑丽萍   来源： 河北大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 中央集权   地方军政   行政制度   宋朝   宣抚使  

描述： as the top power in local areas.Famous politician and prime minister in feudal China Li Gang once said,“From the forefather，Xuan Fu was the most important position which can be held by current archon."

全文：保证对金作战的需要。权力的收放成为中央与宣抚使之间争夺的焦点。中央采取了多种手段限制和笼络大权在握的宣抚使。地方上跨路级机构与宣抚使也形成了不同类型的关系,宣抚使司受级别更高的都督府节制。由于宣抚使、制

西部农业现代化演进过程及机理研究

作者： 姜松   来源： 西南大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 西部农业现代化   演进过程   机理解析   差异性  

描述： 本文是关于西部农业现代化演进过程及机理的实证研究。西部农业现代化滞后性问题长期困扰其经济、社会协调与可持续发展。尤其在“四化”同步时代背景下,西部农业现代化演进不仅整体脱节,而且在某些局部地区出现严重反差,反映了西部农业现代化演进过程的特殊性与复杂性。本研究关键问题是：西部农业现代化演进过程有何不同

全文：起点,并基于对世界几种主要农业现代化发展类型与模式认知与考究,建立农业现代化演进分析模型,以揭示农业现代化演进过程及其均衡条件。最后,在评析已有农业现代化量化分析指标与方法基础上,提出研究所筛选

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：,进而以太仓库为中心,对明代国家财政体系运行的机制、状态,以及明代中央财政体系的基本类型特征进行系统的分析。 就参考文献而言,《明实录》记事通贯明代始终,是涵盖太仓库运作全过程的一套最成体系的史料,本文

清末民国时期农会组织研究

作者： 李永芳   来源： 四川大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农会组织   活动   清末民国时期   性质   特点   发展  

描述： 近代中国是一个由传统社会向现代社会转型的大变革时代，其中一个重要内容就是农民从传统的血缘关系、宗族组织中解放出来，逐渐成为农村社会政治经济关系的主体，而农会作为超越宗族关系的社会组织则在这一变迁过程中有着十分重要的意义。本文对于清末民国时期农会组织的发展状况，分为以下五个方面进行了探讨。 一、清朝末

全文：了坚实的基础。 总结清末民国时期农会组织的发展历程，可以得出的基本结论为：1、农会组织呈现出了不同性质和功能的多种类型；2、农会组织成为国家政权与乡村社会建构中一支不可或缺的参与力量，在中国近代