中国农村生态文化建设研究

作者： 李恩   来源： 吉林大学 年份： 2012 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 生态农业   农民专业合作社   人与自然和谐   农村生态文化  

描述： 进入21世纪，世界各地自然灾害频繁爆发，并且出现了几十年不遇的极端异常天气。这些异常情况，在我国也屡见不鲜。这些灾害性天气，让我们深刻地认识到追求高增长给自然环境带来的严重破坏。20世纪末，吉林人民出版社出版了一套绿色经典文库，在总序中吴国盛指出：“我国经济正处在高增长时期，环境污染和生态破坏相当严

全文：浪费、环境污染和生态破坏已经到了相当严重的程度。《寂静的春天》里所描述的景象既生动又深刻。美国五十年前所出现的危险景象正陆续发生在我国粮食主产区。过量施肥，滥用农药，大量喷洒除草剂，对农业生态环境的破坏

中国北方地区节水农作制度研究

作者： 王婧   来源： 沈阳农业大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 北方地区   节水   节水技术   节水农作制度   种植模式  

描述： ium between the grain production and water resource: the drought and the irrigation area in northeast china, the drought and the irrigation region in Huanghuaihai area, the drought and the irrigation area in northwest china.The article analized the characteristic of water using of the main crops and the main cropping systems, compared the economic benefit of the water-saving planting patterns, studied the economic benefit, the water-saving benefit and participatory farmers survey results etc. of the water-saving technologies.

全文：节水种植模式的产量与节水效益,分析各区主要节水技术的节水效果、经济效益与参与式农民调查结果,主要结论如下: (1)东北灌区面临的主要问题是如何提高农业水资源的利用率,主要通过节水技术的应用与推广来实现

区域农业观光旅游资源开发潜力评价体系理论构建与实践

作者： 杨晓美   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 发展潜力   多层次灰色评价   秦岭北麓   区域农业旅游资源  

描述： opment of agricultural tourism and to obtain economic, social and environmental benefits of the measure of potential, but also for the effective protection and rational exploitation of its resources of great significance.

全文：对评价结果的分析运用,将秦岭北麓15个区县划分为不同的发展区域,并根据发展区域的不同特点对西安市、宝鸡市和渭南市三市的农业旅游区提出发展策略。 本文得出如下主要结论: (1)区域农业旅游资源开发潜力

黄土沟壑区不同下垫面条件对农田降雨入渗及产流关系影响的研究

作者： 宋孝玉   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2001 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 降雨入渗产流   黄土沟壑区   不同下垫面   数值模拟   农田  

描述： 水土资源短缺和生态环境恶化已成为全世界普遍关注的严重问题，这使人们认识到节约用水和保护环境的重要性。为确保粮食安全和生态环境良性发展，必须加强农田水土资源的管理和生态系统重建的研究，处理好水资源利用和生态重建之间的关系，大力推广节水灌溉技术和雨水资源利用技术，以水资源作为主要约束条件，调整农业产业结

全文：针对黄土区的特点，采用目前国际上最先进的土壤水分测定仪—时域发射仪（TDR）进行野外观测，通过大量的田间试验和室内实验，对不同下垫面条件农田降雨入渗、产流规律进行了较为深入的探讨，建立了定量描述坡地降雨

渭北旱塬农林复合系统水量平衡要素变化规律的试验研究

作者： 朱首军   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2001 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 土壤水分   农林复合系统   水量平衡  

描述： 农林复合生态系统的模式尽管延续了上千年，但作为一门学科，进行深入系统的研究还是近十年来的事。目前，关于土壤水分运移的研究，绝大多数是针对纯农田或纯林地的，农林复合生态系统土壤水分运动的研究还很少，且大都局限于探讨土壤含水量对林木生长、作物生长以及产量的影响等。为此，我们应用土壤水动力学的一些方法对渭

全文：如下几点结论： 1．试验研究结果表明：花椒为浅根性树种，根系在0～120cm土层中的垂直分布呈“V”字形，垂直分异明显，并随深度的增加而减少：具水十分布范围为0～250cm，随根系的水平延伸呈阶梯状分布

先秦诸子经济思想的生态阐释

作者： 赵麦茹   来源： 西北大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 启迪   生态阐释   先秦诸子   经济思想  

描述： 全球性的生态危机使人类对于环境问题和生态问题的关注空前加强，为了寻找解决这一问题的途径与方法，人类对于传统经济增长方式、西方自然观、逻辑思维与认知世界的行为等方面的范式进行了深刻的反思，环境伦理学、生态经济学等学科应运而生。伴随着这一过程的还有当代学者(特别是西方学者)对于中国传统文化中所包含的生态

全文：，在逻辑思维范式中强调主客一体的整体思维方式，擅长于类比与串联式思维，在行为范式方面注重将人类的德性推广于整个自然界，强调合理取材、善待自然、知止知足。中国先哲思想根基的以上特点使得其思想充满了以

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：太仓库与盐法的财政关系演变历史表明,嘉靖朝是二者财政关系发生转变的关键时期。在嘉靖朝以前,存积等盐偶尔会因盐法雍滞或者太仓库财政需要而被折卖成银纳入太仓库,但从未形成制度化的规定。嘉靖时期,在既要维持开

汉代农业生产管理研究

作者： 黄富成   来源： 南京农业大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农耕文明   小农经济   农业技术   汉代   农业生产   政府管理  

描述： 农业是自然再生产和社会再生产的统一，是社会经济的基础，是整个古代世界具有决定性的生产部门。两汉时期，为巩固集权统治地位，政府加强了对社会经济干预的程度，农业生产和发展的各种资源性要素，如土地配置、人口流动、技术传播、铁器布控、经济交流乃至农本文化的宣教、农田开发等因受集权政府政治、经济发展的战略及制

全文：、人口流动、技术传播、铁器布控、经济交流乃至农本文化的宣教、农田开发等因受集权政府政治、经济发展的战略及制度管理的机制制约，在不同时期、不同地区发生作用的形式和实现的途径而各异。本文通过探讨汉代政府

我国农产品品牌建设：理论与实践

作者： 张可成   来源： 山东农业大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 品牌建设流程   品牌建设要素   农产品品牌   建设实践  

描述： Agricultural products are not only the main commodities for human life but also the commodities with strong concealment of quality.

全文：品牌。研究农产品品牌建设的特点,探讨农产品品牌建设理论,总结农产品品牌建设实践,对实现我国由农业大国向农业强国的转变有着重要的理论和实践意义。 本文综合运用微观经济学、农业经济学、品牌学、管理学等理论

古籍智能处理技术研究

作者： 常娥   年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 古籍数字化   自动校勘   古籍整理专家系统   自动编幕   农业古籍  

描述： 我国古籍数字化工作起步于20世纪80年代初，至今已经取得了令人瞩目的成就，主要标志是一批大规模、基础性的古籍著作被开发为真正意义上的数字化产品，并成功走向市场。相关研究论文很多，其中主要对古籍数字化的现状、发展趋势及对策进行了探讨，对古籍数字化取得的成果、数字化技术进行了介绍，然而很少见到有关古籍内

全文：和自动校勘的效果还有待提高，辅助工具的建设以及实验系统的整体功能还有待完善 本文将现代文本自然语言处理的相关技术在农业古籍的智能化整理中加以应用，其创新之处包括： (1)结合古农书自身的特点，借鉴自动分词