齐家文化经济形态及相关问题研究

作者： 张博   来源： 吉林大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农业   经济形态   齐家文化   畜牧业   石质生产工具  

描述： 齐家文化是我国西北甘青地区一支新石器时代晚期至青铜时代早期的考古学文化，考古工作开展得早且基础研究较为充分，然而对于其经济形态的研究则一直以来都是研究工作的薄弱之处，已有的研究大多以单个遗址作为一个研究单位，虽不乏可圈可点之处，但仍旧给人一种“管中窥豹”之感。近年来，随着齐家文化新遗址的不断发掘及旧

全文：，并佐之以骨质、陶质生产工具；文化生态领域中炊器的种类形态、动物资源的利用方式及装饰品所反映出来的不同身份认同分层特点，将齐家文化划分为不同的区域经济形态类型。对于运用陶器、葬俗特征等文化因素分析方法对齐家文化的区域研究提供了一个借鉴及参考。

黄土高原地区村级农田土壤养分空间变异特征与肥力评价研究

作者： 高义民   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2005 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 评价   土壤养分   空间变异性   村级尺度  

描述： 农田土壤养分的空间变异性具有普遍性。开展土壤养分空间变异性研究对于科学合理地制定农田施肥方案,提高养分资源利用率,促进变量施肥技术的发展,实现精确施肥都具有重要意义。长期以来,国内外关于土壤养分空间变异的研究大都集中在田块级小尺度或县乡级大尺度,而对村级尺度下的土壤养分空间变异性研究很少。村级单位是

全文：。 Kriging插值结果显示,该村土壤养分分布状况极不均匀,耕作习惯、水分管理、作物类型、土地利用方式均对土壤养分分布构成影响,主要是由于施肥所致。建议在该试验村对土壤K、P养分进行分区管理,N肥采用

中国民间剪纸动画创作与研究

作者： 高疏寒   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 动画   陕北民间剪纸   陕北剪纸动画   剪纸动画  

描述： 现代动画作为一种具有独特审美意义的艺术形式,现在已经在全世界范围内得到了普遍发展。它是一种集文学、电影、摄影、音乐、绘画为一体的综合性艺术形式。所以动画的创作和任何艺术作品的创作一样,都离不开民族、环境、时代所带来的影响,尤其是当代动画的发展更加重视民族特性的展示。 本文探讨中国民间艺术与现代动画技

全文：重要的组成部分,是我们中华地地道道的民族艺术。从造型上看,陕北剪纸以直率、简约的表达方式为主,传递给受众的是一种朴实、大气又生动的形象面貌,同时它也具有的原生态的单纯、质朴的艺术品格。在这种看似简单

黄河流域史前至两汉小麦种植与推广研究

作者： 李成   来源： 西北大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 史前至两汉时期   面食加工技术   黄河流域   小麦   种植  

描述： 在中国农业史上,以黄河流域为中心的旱作农业体系曾发生过重大转变：小麦种植经过漫长的发展,最终取代粟成为北方地区的首要栽培作物。考古资料显示,小麦在黄河流域最早出现的确切时间是龙山时代,然而此后却长期在农业生产中不受重视；从西汉晚期开始,才逐渐在该地区得到了大范围推广。与此同时,小麦的社会地位也逐渐提

全文：面积迅速扩大。西汉中期以前,由于转磨普及程度的低下和面粉生产的滞后,使小麦的食用方式难以为人们所接受,导致其缺乏种植积极性；西汉晚期至东汉,转磨形制及筛粉工具的发展提升了面粉磨制的质量,发酵技术的成熟

清末民初关中地区的农田水利纠纷及其解决途径

作者： 赵淑清   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 清末民初   解决途径   关中地区   农田水利纠纷   特征  

描述： society. The central Shaanxi Province lies in the northwest inner-land, lacking in water resources. Although there have been major farmland irrigation projects and perfect management system in the Qin and Han Dynasty, the times of the Sui and Tang Dynasty, the situation of water depletion could not be changed radically.

全文：分,农田水利纠纷的解决过程。调解依然是解决纠纷的主要方式。在调解过程中,地方政府、乡村精英、民间管理组织等扮演了不同的角色;乡规民约依旧占据主导地位,新的用水规则作用突显。第五部分,总结清末民初关中地区

宋代都市笔记研究

作者： 郑继猛   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 《武林旧事》   《东京梦华录》   宋代   都市笔记  

描述： , spiri other cultural elements, etc. as its center.

全文：旧事》。分别考察了作者生平、成书过程、作品主要内容和艺术特色。关于《东京梦华录》的艺术特色,主要突出其三个特点:一是开创性的时空结构特点和“逼近审视”的叙事特点;二是作品的情感表达方式;三是使用俗语

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：中的祖制、又要解决开中制无法有效满足边镇军饷需求的情况下,正盐开中于边、余盐纳银解往太仓库的双轨并行制度最终形成。通过这种方式,户部将盐法收入中的大部分直接集中于太仓库,从而加强了对盐法的监管和控制

清末民国时期农会组织研究

作者： 李永芳   来源： 四川大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农会组织   活动   清末民国时期   性质   特点   发展  

描述： 近代中国是一个由传统社会向现代社会转型的大变革时代，其中一个重要内容就是农民从传统的血缘关系、宗族组织中解放出来，逐渐成为农村社会政治经济关系的主体，而农会作为超越宗族关系的社会组织则在这一变迁过程中有着十分重要的意义。本文对于清末民国时期农会组织的发展状况，分为以下五个方面进行了探讨。 一、清朝末

全文：受理调解民事纠纷等较为广泛的农事活动，尤其是在农业生产中采用资本主义经营方式和机械操作鲜有建树。同时，清末农会呈现出了成员构成的复杂性、组织制度的近代民主性、团体活动的民间性、机构权限的官督性等特点

汉代农业生产管理研究

作者： 黄富成   来源： 南京农业大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农耕文明   小农经济   农业技术   汉代   农业生产   政府管理  

描述： 农业是自然再生产和社会再生产的统一，是社会经济的基础，是整个古代世界具有决定性的生产部门。两汉时期，为巩固集权统治地位，政府加强了对社会经济干预的程度，农业生产和发展的各种资源性要素，如土地配置、人口流动、技术传播、铁器布控、经济交流乃至农本文化的宣教、农田开发等因受集权政府政治、经济发展的战略及制

全文：。 第六章：结语：历史的启示。我国两千余年来“有恒产者有恒心”的经济伦理思想对现今农村经济发展和土地改革仍具有现实的借鉴意义；通过揭示基本经济区农业经济转化的方式与手段，认为政府对农业经济资源控制与管理

中国古代农业灾害防减体系研究

作者： 邵侃   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农业灾害史   农业灾荒文献   减灾技术   灾荒赈救   灾害预防  

描述： n the 1920s when China was called “the Land of Famine” by an American relief worker, the phrase immediately gained currency.

全文：的大小,历代政府均积极加强以“荒政”为主体的灾荒赈救体系建设;贵族官吏、富商大户、宗族、宗教等有一定社会地位和经济实力的民间力量,通过赈济钱粮、施医济药等多元化的方式救荒济民,在很大程度上有效填补了政府