现代农业园区规划设计研究

作者： 管丽娟   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 规划设计   产业规划   现代农业园区   物质景观规划  

描述： votal role to the development of agriculture.

全文：多,究其原因可知,园区前期规划的合理性、创新性等对园区的运营有很重要的影响,在这种情况下,对现代农业园区的规划设计进行研究有重要的实际意义,可以为今后农业园区的研究提供参考,并为园区的规划建设提供一种新的规划

古代保健“茶汤”的医学史研究

作者： 苏诺   来源： 中国中医科学院 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 医学发展史   保健饮品   茶汤  

描述： ning traditional tea or non-tea drinks (soft drinks).

全文：发展过程,各种保健“茶汤”种类、功效与制作等相关内容,总结各时代保健“茶汤”发展规律与特点。 本文按时代分成六个部分论述,并根据各时期发展的特点拟订了标题: 1.先秦的水、酒、浆、茶 本章讨论了先秦时期

唐宋隐逸词史论

作者： 徐拥军   来源： 苏州大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 和战之争   清空说   党争   心路历程   唐宋词   隐逸  

描述： reclusion in "The Book of Odes", the earliest Chinese poetries .Hereafter, reclusion has become an

全文：过程中扮演了较为重要的角色,并最终形成了隐逸词这一大词的门类。本文将对唐宋隐逸词史进行勾勒叙述,展现不同阶段隐逸词的风貌。 第一章主要论述唐五代北宋前期隐逸词。第一节对唐五代的隐逸词进行梳理,并分析唐五代

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：至万历朝是太仓库演变速度最快和最集中的时期,除“财政储备”功能之外,它还逐步担当起负责北京和边镇常规开支的财政职责。万历前期,太仓库的财政地位达到顶峰。万历中期以后,太仓库的“财政储备”功能日益减缩

宋代咏茶词研究

作者： 吴启桐   来源： 延边大学 年份： 2012 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 宋代   情感   蕴含   咏茶词   茶文化  

描述： 茶,以其“性洁不可污”的品性吸引着中国历代的文人,宋代词人也曾以“茶”为题材创作出大量的优秀词作,在这些词作中蕴含了创作者丰富的内心情感。本论文以宋代的咏茶词为研究对象,对宋代咏茶词中所蕴含的情感进行分析,运用文献分析方法、社会历史研究方法和文本研究方法对宋代咏茶词进行系统的研究。 全篇主要分为四个

全文：以历史研究方法对宋代咏茶词创作兴盛的原因进行分析。中国具有悠久的饮茶历史,饮茶之风在唐代开始盛行。到了宋代,由于社会的发展相对稳定,人民生活富足,农业的发展迅速,茶叶的种植面积也在不断的扩大。茶叶制造技术

陶渊明田园诗对《诗经》农事诗的继承与发展

作者： 满晓艳   来源： 延边大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农事诗   陶渊明   田园诗   《诗经》  

描述： e. there are a lot of Poetries about pstoral beauty and field work in the The Book of Song -s, but we call it for Poetry farming, Moreover at that time these poems were not Mature In the aspects of the quantity and quality .

全文：的影响。 陶渊明是我国田园诗的开山鼻祖,陶渊明的田园诗是中华历史上的瑰宝,也直接地影响了唐代以王维,孟浩然,韦应物为代表的山水田园派诗的创作风格。在陶渊明的笔下,田园与劳动第一次在文人作品之中变得

《茶经述评》的述评

作者： 伍萍   来源： 安徽农业大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 述评   茶经   吴觉农   茶经述评  

描述： enong in his later years.

全文：《茶经述评》是吴觉农先生晚年主编的一部校译评述唐代陆羽《茶经》的专门著作,按照《茶经》的体例分作十章,各章又分为《茶经》校译以及相关述评部分。校译部分简明扼要,述评部分设置了37个专题,内容详实全面

明清及民国时期黑河流域中游地区绿洲化荒漠化时空过程研究

作者： 石亮   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 干旱区   黑河流域   明清及民国时期   绿洲化与荒漠化时空过程  

描述： had been also analyzed. The results showed that: 1. In the early Ming Dynasty, the study area had

全文：如下几点： 1.明朝占领黑河流域初期就开始了对这一地区的大规模开发,人工绿洲规模迅速扩大,此后人工绿洲规模开始逐渐萎缩；嘉靖至万历年间,明朝政府重整屯田,人工绿洲规模逐渐恢复并有所发展。 2.清朝时期

绿色农业信息服务平台建设研究

作者： 孙辉   来源： 中国农业科学院 年份： 2012 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 功能定制   建设方案   平台框架   信息平台   绿色农业  

描述： 建设具有中国特色的现代农业是党的十六大提出的战略任务和我国农业发展的长远目标，这一任务、目标的完成和实现需要一个系统的、适合中国国情的农业模式作为理论支撑。绿色农业理论研究与示范工作是在我国绿色食品事业发展从农业全面进入社会以后,绿色食品的标准和产品需要走向国际这样一个背景下产生的,也是几代农业专家

全文：农业的发展为背景，以前期绿色农业信息服务平台研究的主要内容和成果为基础，总结了绿色农业服务体系和绿色农业信息服务平台发展的历程。在分析国内外相关信息服务平台发展现状、特点的基础上，结合绿色农业服务体系

关于如何提升休闲农业地方文化魅力的探讨

作者： 高健   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 文化类型   休闲农业   地方文化  

描述： 现代休闲农业园区集生态效益、生产效益、经济效益于一体的新型产业发展模式，其休闲农业文化景观设计与发展依托于地方，同时受地方自然环境因素与人文环境因素的影响与制约。反过来说，休闲农业景观是传承地方文化的载体，它能更好的继承与发扬地方文化，对保护地方和恢复地方文化资源有着重要的作用。 本文研究的目的就是

全文：农业园区文化景观规划设计新的理论依据，提出如何提升休闲农业地方文化魅力的方法。通过实际案例设计对以上方法进行应用。从而得出以下结论： 1.休闲农业中文化类型主要有田园文化，建筑文化，民俗文化，农耕文化