新时期村落叙事中的家族观念

作者： 邓妍   来源： 山东大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 家族观念   血缘共同体   伦理传统   家族衰变   村落叙事  

描述： s which use family

全文：高潮。乡村生活作为中国最典型的生存模式,一直是作家偏爱的创作题材,尤其在新时期作家笔下,以再现各种历史阶段、各类农村人物为主题的作品越发精彩纷呈。但是截至目前,学界将中国农村生活作为研究对象和切入点

唐朝前期农业经济伦理思想探析

作者： 刘珊珊   来源： 重庆师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农业   经济伦理   民为邦本   唐前期   公平   人与自然  

描述： Tang Dynasty, the further development period of the Chinese feudal society, was known as the age of feudal society by the historian.

全文：。经济活动是人类赖以生存的基础,整个人类文明的大厦是建立在经济活动之上的。然而,人类的经济活动必须遵循一定的道德规范,才能良性循环和健康发展。因此,经济和伦理道德是属于经济基础和上层建筑的关系,经济发展是

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：。明代国家财政的目标是通过最小限度地征收民众财富以满足维持国家正常运行的基本需求,其背后隐含的理念是要最大限度地保障最大多数人的基本物质生存条件。私人利益与国家公共利益之间的冲突是明代财政制度中的根本矛盾

阐释的可能

作者： 胡晓丹   来源： 中国美术学院 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 宋代   文人茶   阐释   文本   符号学  

描述： Tea Drinking is so important a event not only in China's traditional culture, but also as a classic subject of art history.

全文：饮茶是我国传统文化中的重要事件,也是艺术创作的经典题材,对茶事茶史的研究古已有之。本文在对传统文化现象的解读中引入西方符号学的“文本”理念和分析方法,将宋代文人士大夫这个特殊群体参与的茶事,分为茶书

发展现代农业：现实挑战与路径选择

作者： 杨超   来源： 曲阜师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 发展机遇   现代农业   现实困境   科技创新  

描述： ricultural modernization. In view of the overall situation, there is need to follow the general

全文：根本的不同,现代农业是以用现代物质条件装备,用现代科学技术改造,用现代产业体系提升,用现代经营形式推进,用现代发展理念引领的农业产业形态。现代农业的基本特征是:科技进步主导性、资源配置市场化、产业结构

我国现代农业发展中金融支持问题研究

作者： 张智河   来源： 中国海洋大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农村金融体系   农村金融需求   现代农业   现代金融  

描述： ment. To crack the

全文：农业是国民经济的基础,是安天下、稳民心的战略性产业。而要破解现代农村经济发展的难题,一个关键的环节就是如何以新的理念和思路,再造并完善涉农金融机制,为现代农业的发展创造和谐的社会经济环境。党的十七

宝鸡陈仓黑社火调查研究

作者： 姚欣杰   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 文化内涵   艺术形态   文化背景   黑社火  

描述： is a unique variety in are many types of Baoji Social and fire.

全文：黑社火,是一种在夜间耍闹的社火,主要流传于宝鸡陈仓西山地区,是宝鸡众多社火种类中的一个独特品种。本文以黑社火为研究对象,以实地调查为基础,从黑社火的生存背景、历史源流、传承载体、组织程序、表演

甘肃黄河中上游生态环境脆弱区的保护和开发

作者： 王亚聪   来源： 西安建筑科技大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 西部大开发   脆弱生态环境   环境伦理学   生态可持续发展  

描述： s getting worse, which threats the environment for humanity's living.

全文：尽数十年间来,一系列重大而紧迫的全球环境问题不断出现,地球环境全面恶化,人类的生存环境受到威胁。 社会的发展不等同于环境的发展,当今人们应该在全球策略一可持续发展观的要求下实现整个地球的和谐前进

甘肃省庆阳市民俗文化产业发展策略研究

作者： 强双龙   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 策略   文化产业   民俗文化  

描述： lk culture industry, referenced draws a great attention at home and abroad and government departments at a "soft levels. asal

全文：够跨越区域自然条件和生存状况的藩篱,扎根在大江南北、长城内外,边疆海岛。近年来,甘肃省庆阳市立足传统民间文化的抢救、保护、开发与创新,大力开发以香包为代表的民间民俗文化产业,努力将文化资源转化为经济资源

元末明初隐逸研究

作者： 李方   来源： 北京语言大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 元末明初   隐逸   思想   行为  

描述： 时期的隐逸发展状况进行大致勾画并做出粗浅的分析,以期更加深刻的了解元末明初士人的生存状况,拓展这一时期的

全文：时期的隐逸发展状况进行大致勾画并做出粗浅的分析,以期更加深刻的了解元末明初士人的生存状况,拓展这一时期的研究视野。 本论文绪论部分考察了历代隐逸的流变轨迹,分阶段、分层次地展示不同历史阶段隐逸呈现出