论玉树马术文化及其特点

作者： 索南求着   来源： 中央民族大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 马术文化   玉树藏族   特点  

描述： 在玉树现代社会当中,马文化的发展是伴随着玉树人民生活情趣的提高而逐渐发展和变化的,在玉树人民的生产生活等各方面都在飞速发展的过程当中,依然能感受到传统文化的存在。在玉树人民心目当中,传统文化的存在和发展,使绿草如茵的原野也因为“马”的存在而变成了“奔腾”的草原盛会。 玉树马术文化从客观上反映了玉树藏

全文：,规定赛马时间、地点以及赛马活动的项目和奖励措施等等,并在现代生活当中产生了各种社会功能,比如休闲娱乐文化传承以及经贸交流等等。本文以这样的角度去分析玉树的马文化,虽然没有得到完整的记述,但是都以客观事实

甘肃省农业特色优势产业区发展的实证分析与对策研究

作者： 王文略   来源： 甘肃农业大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 甘肃省   区位商与集中系数   发展对策   农业特色优势产业区   GEM模型  

描述： s agriculture has entered a new phase, in which the Characteristics agriculture development rapidly.

全文：投融资制度;增强区域农业科技创新能力和完善农业技术服务体系;健全农产品安全保障体系、实施品牌战略等一系列政策措施建议。

泰安市农业观光旅游问题研究

作者： 张鹏   来源： 山东农业大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 发展模式   SWOT分析   农业观光旅游   对策措施   泰安市  

描述： 农业观光旅游是立足于乡村,服务于城市的新型产业,也是建设现代农业助推新农村建设的重要内容。发展农业观光旅游投资不多,效益明显,且能够利用我国丰富的农业资源、旅游资源以及劳动力资源,为实现农业可持续发展做出贡献。因此,当前发展农业观光旅游意义深远重大。 本文主要应用文献资料收集,掌握当前国内外关于农业

全文：可操作性原则和可持续发展原则探讨了泰安如何发展农业观光旅游的问题,提出促进泰安市农业观光旅游的措施和建议,并对泰安市发展农业观光旅游进行了深刻的总结。通过分析研究得到以下结论: (1)农业观光旅游是以

农村公共服务的社区化问题研究

作者： 贾先文   来源： 湖南农业大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 供给机制   农村公共服务   居民参与   社区化  

描述： "three rural issues".

全文：有不断加大的趋势。在农村社会发展中公共服务的公共性流失非常严重。这既不利于“三农”问题的解决,也有悖于社会的公平与正义。为了农村社会事业的发展,党和政府采取了积极措施增加农村公共服务供给,取得了一定

18—20世纪前期鄂尔多斯农牧交错区域研究

作者： 哈斯巴根   来源： 内蒙古大学 年份： 2005 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农牧交错   区域社会史   18   鄂尔多斯   移民   20世纪前期   准噶尔旗  

描述： 20世纪,清代蒙古史和近代内蒙古地区史的研究取得了令人瞩目的成绩。但18-20世纪前期蒙古史、内蒙古区域社会史和移民史领域的研究尚为薄弱,有许多问题还须深入研究和解决。18—20世纪前期是内地汉族向内蒙古移民的重要时期,也是当地蒙古族与汉族移民从冲突、磨合到共处的历史阶段。在此过程中鄂尔多斯地区形成

全文：状态下的总有制,随着移民的进入产生了分割所有制,这也是移民获得永租权和蒙古人逐渐失去实际上的土地占有权的过程。但这种过程的实现并不顺利,蒙古人也为保护自己的土地所有权而采取了各种措施,以抵制汉族移民

黄土高原地区村级农田土壤养分空间变异特征与肥力评价研究

作者： 高义民   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2005 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 评价   土壤养分   空间变异性   村级尺度  

描述： 农田土壤养分的空间变异性具有普遍性。开展土壤养分空间变异性研究对于科学合理地制定农田施肥方案,提高养分资源利用率,促进变量施肥技术的发展,实现精确施肥都具有重要意义。长期以来,国内外关于土壤养分空间变异的研究大都集中在田块级小尺度或县乡级大尺度,而对村级尺度下的土壤养分空间变异性研究很少。村级单位是

全文：变异的研究大都集中在田块级小尺度或县乡级大尺度,而对村级尺度下的土壤养分空间变异性研究很少。村级单位是我国农业生产管理的最基本单位,许多农艺措施(如施肥、灌溉、种植结构、品种引进等)都以村为单位组织

银川市耕地变化与基本农田空间布局优化研究

作者： 李建春   来源： 中国农业大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： GIS   耕地   土地评价   基本农田   土地利用/覆被变化  

描述： 耕地是土地资源中的精华,人们获取农产品的基础条件。结合我国人多地少的国情,以及城市化过程中不可避免占用耕地的状况,更加凸显了耕地保护研究的重要性。通过选取西部地区具有典型代表的银川市作为研究区,结合遥感和GIS,分析了在快速城市化背景下区域耕地变化规律性特点,识别耕地变化关键驱动因子,预测耕地变化趋

全文：和科学支撑,本研究主要结论如下： (1)在快速城市化的背景下,通过对银川市耕地数量、空间与质量变化规律分析表明：1989-2009年间,耕地表现出持续快速膨胀式扩张的特点。1999年前,耕地增加主要

黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及其空间结构研究

作者： 郭晓东   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 空间结构   演变机制   乡村聚落   秦安县   葫芦河流域   黄土丘陵区  

描述： 聚落地理是人文地理学的重要研究内容，是研究人地关系的一个重要切入点。但是自第二次世界大战结束以后，随着各国城市建设和城市经济的恢复与快速发展，国际地理学界将研究的重心逐渐转向城市，乡村聚落地理的研究日益弱化。在中国，随着城市化战略的实施和城市的快速发展，中国地理界和规划界更是将研究的目标集中于城市，

全文：集聚和村庄空间发展问题。论文在深入分析乡村聚落空间结构演变驱动机制的基础上，基于“区域整体发展”和“创新城乡地域空间，促进乡村聚落适度集中”的思想，对区域城乡空间网络化发展、农村工业化与城市化、我国传统聚落的营造思想等问题进行了思考分析，提出了促进乡村聚落发展及其空间结构优化的实践途径与对策措施。

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：逐步增多,户部不得不采取各种措施增加岁入,扩大太仓库的岁入类项,其中许多类项由临时、应急性措施最终得到正式认可而成为太仓库的制度化收入。万历中后期至崇祯朝的绝大部分年份内,太仓库的岁支越来越超出岁入所能

渭河平原县域农田土壤养分肥力空间特征研究

作者： 李志鹏   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 土壤养分   空间变异性   地统计学   养分肥力   时空变化  

描述： 渭河平原地势平坦，气候温和，土壤肥力水平主要受土壤养分含量的影响。本研究选取渭河平原腹地，素有“白菜心”之称的兴平市作为研究区，基于GIS技术支持平台，综合运用传统统计学、数理统计、地统计学等方法，结合“3414”田间肥效试验结果和1980s第二次土壤普查的珍贵历史数据集，研究兴平市农田土壤有机质、

全文：生态环境建设、精准农业的发展，测土配方项目的推进提供科学依据和理论指导。本研究的主要结果： （1）目前，兴平市农田土壤养分含量表现为：13项农田土壤养分属性指标的变异系数介于23.56%~74.87