西北地区新农村节约型庭院建设模式研究

作者： 陈明   来源： 西安建筑科技大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 定边   四节技术   庭院   新农村  

描述： iculture, farmer and countryside problems, is always the core work of party and state, But with the development of modern technology revolution and economic globalization, economy, technology and talents resource are flowing to the city, villages are relatively in high marginalized situation, the agriculture develop difficult and the peasants' income grow slowly.

全文：,农业发展步履艰难、农民收入徘徊不前。然而经济和科技的发展,对农村建设是挑战更是机遇,如何顺应时代发展潮流,实现我国新农村建设的跨越式发展,是决定我国全面建设小康社会进程和实现国家现代化的关键性

关于农史研究如何加强为当代农业发展服务的探讨

作者： 郑重   来源： 中国农史 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 农书   世界农业   农业经济史   商周   农政全书校注   当代农业   农业生产   《齐民要术》   农业国家   农桑衣食撮要  

描述： 关于农史研究如何加强为当代农业发展服务的探讨郑重我国是一个古老的农业国家，为世界农业几大策源地之一，而且又是一个农业大国，有着悠久的绚丽多彩的历史。远自商周开始有了文字后；所记载的经济发展史，实际上是一部农业经济史，其间逐渐发展起来的小工商业，当时也...

黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展及其空间结构研究

作者： 郭晓东   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 空间结构   演变机制   乡村聚落   秦安县   葫芦河流域   黄土丘陵区  

描述： 聚落地理是人文地理学的重要研究内容，是研究人地关系的一个重要切入点。但是自第二次世界大战结束以后，随着各国城市建设和城市经济的恢复与快速发展，国际地理学界将研究的重心逐渐转向城市，乡村聚落地理的研究日益弱化。在中国，随着城市化战略的实施和城市的快速发展，中国地理界和规划界更是将研究的目标集中于城市，

全文：、村庄布局散乱以及基础设施落后、公共服务不足等突出矛盾和问题。 实证区域秦安县地处陇中黄土高原西部，位于甘肃省东南部，天水市之北，渭河支流葫芦河下游。县域黄土分布广泛，山多川少，梁峁起伏，沟壑密布，地形

明末清初浙北自然灾异与荒政措施——以张履祥的视野为中心

作者： 周邦君   来源： 农业考古 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 明末清初   张履祥   浙北   自然灾异   荒政  

描述： 的是,他悉心讲求救灾备荒的多项措施。这些表现了他高度关心民生疾苦,积极为乡土社会荒政事业服务的学术精神。

中国古代传统地理学的形成和发展

作者： 宋正海   来源： 自然辩证法研究 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 区域地理   地理知识   地方经济   内性   大比例尺   古代农业   古代中国   经济开发   区域综合   中国古代传统  

描述： 地理环境是社会存在和发展的必要条件。中国封闭的古代地理环境、优越的气候条件培育了高度发达的古代农业文明,也从根本上造成了为此文明服务的大陆内聚型的传统地理学——国内区域综合地理,它表现出明显的国内性

宁夏植物营养与肥料研究现状与展望

作者： 何文寿   来源： 农业科学研究 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 宁夏   肥料   植物营养  

描述： 中的重要作用和地位.同时,从研究队伍、研究领域和农化服务等方面,深入分析宁夏植物营养与肥料研究工作面临的困惑与挑战,提出今后加强植物营养与肥料研究与推广的对策及建议.

中国农业历史科学的建立、繁荣和展望

作者： 孙声如   来源： 中国农史 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 农书   历史科学   农业历史   民族精神   游修龄   科技史   现代化服务   农政全书校注   农业生产   郭文韬  

描述： 的原因在于适应了社会对科学的需要：包括认清国情的需要、发展农业的需要、振奋民族精神的需要。今天在前贤已经构建的学科基本格局和立体框架的基础上，农史学科要牢牢把握为农业现代化服务的方向。在学科建设土夯实

陇东黄土高原地区热量资源分布演变分析及对农业生产的影响

作者： 车向军   周忠文   张谋草   杜军   韩世昌   来源： 中国农学通报 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 热量资源   积温   气候变化   终霜日  

描述： 为了研究陇东黄土高原地区热量资源的变化,提高为农气象服务的科学性和有效性,笔者对庆阳市具有代表性的环县、庆城和西峰的1960—2013年的气温资料的变化特征进行分析。结果表明:庆阳在近54年以来

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：。其他明人奏疏、笔记及清代史料中也有相对分散的关于明代太仓库的记载,皆尽量收集参考。 本文研究表明,明初成立的内库,是一个以负责国家公共事务为主、负责皇室收支为辅的机构。其后,内库所担当的国家公共

建国初期甘肃自然灾害及救助研究（1949-1957）

作者： 郭峰   来源： 西北师范大学 年份： 2011 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 救助   自然灾害   甘肃  

描述： 中华人民共和国成立以后,甘肃省各种自然灾害不断发生。尤其在建国初期,灾情仍很严重。但是,在优越的社会主义制度下,全省各级政府领导人民群众与自然灾害作斗争,最终使灾害给人民造成的损失相对逐步减轻,灾民的基本生活得到保障,农业生产得到恢复与发展。基本上结束了旧社会“有灾必有荒”的历史。 本文第一部分对建

全文：,有效配合了政府救济的不足。除了政府及民间救助之外,大力组织群众开展副业生产、恢复发展农业生产、以工代赈等有效的自救措施,顺利地渡过灾荒。第四部分对建国初期甘肃的灾害救助工作取得成绩的同时,存在的问题及社会意义做一论述,总结其经验教训。为当今甘肃的“救灾、减灾、防灾”服务,也为其灾害救助工作提供借鉴。