明代河州岷州洮州军屯研究

作者： 肖文清   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 河州   明代   岷州   洮州   军屯  

描述： y, military and culture in Ming Dynasty。The research on military farming of the Ming Dynasty played the vital role of leading as to the research on the outline the history of the Ming Dynasty. The Military Farming in three states-- He Min and Tao-in Ming Dynasty, as the epitome of the Ming Dynasty Northwest military Farming, has its characteristics. He Min and Tao military farming not only has the common characteristic of that period, but also has its unique distinguishes, because which is located at the junction of the Han and other ethnic groups, within the area lived many ethnic minorities. In this paper, the author analyzes the relevant historical materials and uses theories and methods of history and ethnology to explain the origin, development, characteristics of the military farming. And the author discusses the reasons why they declined in the later years and the impacts in a detailed and intensive way. Based on local historical dates and combined with the same period dates, the article analyze mainly the differences among the three states from its preparation, operation, function and impact aspects and deal with the military system of the Ming Dynasty, migration, defense policy, minority administration and policy, economic strategies.

全文：军屯是明代历史中具有标志性意义的事件和制度,伴随着明代始终,对当时社会生活,政治、经济、军事、文化等方面产生了巨大而深远的影响。军屯研究,对明代历史的研究具有提纲挈领的作用。明代河州、岷州、洮州三卫

古农书《树艺篇》的版本流传及其价值研究

作者： 李飞   李莉   来源： 安徽农业科学 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 农书   树艺篇   明代   地方志  

描述： 《树艺篇》是明代一本关于农作物和经济作物种植的资料汇编,其书征引资料丰富,且特点突出。依据国家图书馆所藏抄本,考证该书的版本流传,总结出其体例特点及独特价值。

明代宁夏屯田述论

作者： 左书谔   来源： 宁夏社会科学 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 隆庆   九边   陕西行都司   花马池   提举司   庞尚鹏   弘治年间   田述   王毓铨   明代军屯  

描述： 状况。明代之宁夏屯田,就其分期与制度来讲,与全国各地的屯田无大区别,但又有其特殊点。就有明一代屯田的分期而言,史学界均奉王毓铨先生《明代的军屯》所提出的观点:“洪武、永乐间各种制度都比较严明,而且这个

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：本文以明代太仓库为研究对象,从基本财政体制及国家与社会互动的角度,用动态的眼光对其进行考察。其基本目标是展现太仓库作为明代中央财政核心库藏机构的制度设置、管理、变更历程,考察太仓库收支项目、数量

明代河西的军屯

作者： 唐景绅   来源： 敦煌学辑刊 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 农业区   宣帝   卫所军   中原王朝   西汉武帝   转输   乐都   令居   居延   河西地区  

描述： 甘肃河西地区是古代中西交通的咽喉,又是少数民族聚居的地区。西汉以来,中原王朝为了确保中西交通的畅通,防御少数民族贵族对边境的侵扰,总是把河西作为必争之地。自汉以来,河西即驻有很多的军队,但河西与内地距离较远,交通很不方便。驻军的粮饷如靠内地转输,是极其艰难的。相反的,从河西地区本身来说,这里土地辽阔肥沃,祁连山雪水可资灌溉,是个很好的农业区。因此在这里设屯种地倒是非常适宜的事情,如西汉武帝时即在令居(今永登县)、居延屯田;宣帝时,在今青海乐都、民和一带屯田;

谈明代书画作伪

作者： 杨臣彬   来源： 文物 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 中国古代书画   行草书   张择端   明代中后期   吴应卯   吴镇   钱选   《清明上河图》   传世作品   书画作品  

描述： ,艺术水平的高低和传世作品的多寡,决定了作品的经济价值。有的"铭心绝品"乃至"价值连城",吸引了博利之徒利用各种方法和手段制造名家书画赝品,以伪充真,骗人牟利。中国古代书画作伪以明代为甚,特别是明代中后期,作伪地区分布之广,作伪者之众,作伪方法和手段之多变,以及流传赝品数量之多,均远远超过以

明代《救荒本草》编纂特色试探

作者： 阎现章   来源： 河南大学学报(社会科学版) 年份： 2016 文献类型 ： 期刊 关键词： 野生植物   明初   青刺蓟   食伤   王朱   本草学   《新修本草》   药物学家   文化典籍   《救荒本草》  

描述： 《救荒本草》是由明初周王朱(木肃)编纂的我国古代第一部救荒专著,与传统的药物学“本草”书籍不同,这是一部系统总结自然界野生植物可以佐饥食用具有较高实用价值的文化典籍。《救荒本草》的编纂刊刻,为灾荒年月老百姓准确.安全和有效地以野生植物代粮度荒,避免误食伤身,积极地抵御自然灾害的侵袭,开辟了广阔的食物来源和新的途径,从而

第九节 明代的开发

作者： 暂无 年份： 2017 文献类型 ： 地方志

描述： 第九节 明代的开发

社会史视角下的明清农书研究

作者： 康旭峰   年份： 2006 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农书   经世致用   士人   社会史   明清  

描述： 明清时期在我国漫长的历史长河中有着举足轻重的地位，这一时期的农书编纂亦呈现出鲜明的时代特征。明清农书不仅在数量上全面超越了以前各个历史时期，而且其内容广博，涉及了农业生产的各个方面，并且对明清农业的发展起到了十分重要的推动作用。 明代中期以后，“经世致用”思潮风行；明末清初和清末出现了两次“西学东渐

全文：的发展起到了十分重要的推动作用。 明代中期以后，“经世致用”思潮风行；明末清初和清末出现了两次“西学东渐”的高潮；“农本”思想得到进一步强化；以科举考试制度为特征的精英教育与民间大众教育紧密结合；出版

社会史视角下的明清农书研究

作者： 康旭峰   来源： 南京农业大学 年份： 2006 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农书   经世致用   士人   社会史   明清  

描述： 明清时期在我国漫长的历史长河中有着举足轻重的地位，这一时期的农书编纂亦呈现出鲜明的时代特征。明清农书不仅在数量上全面超越了以前各个历史时期，而且其内容广博，涉及了农业生产的各个方面，并且对明清农业的发展起到了十分重要的推动作用。 明代中期以后，“经世致用”思潮风行；明末清初和清末出现了两次“西学东渐

全文：的发展起到了十分重要的推动作用。 明代中期以后，“经世致用”思潮风行；明末清初和清末出现了两次“西学东渐”的高潮；“农本”思想得到进一步强化；以科举考试制度为特征的精英教育与民间大众教育紧密结合；出版