变迁、互动与交融

作者： 李洁   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 文化变迁   新疆汉族移民   民族关系  

描述： been a large-scale of government-led Han migration. After living with the Uygurs in

全文：移民的可容纳性作了分析；移民文化方面，肯定了影响移民文化变迁的环境因素，在研究文化变迁的基础上对移民的文化适应与分层问题进行论述；在维汉民族关系方面，对新疆维汉民族关系的南北疆差异与城乡差异作了简要探讨，分析了民族关系评价指标的适用性，并指出经济利益是制约新疆民族关系的最重要因素。

黄土高原地区村级农田土壤养分空间变异特征与肥力评价研究

作者： 高义民   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2005 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 评价   土壤养分   空间变异性   村级尺度  

描述： 农田土壤养分的空间变异性具有普遍性。开展土壤养分空间变异性研究对于科学合理地制定农田施肥方案,提高养分资源利用率,促进变量施肥技术的发展,实现精确施肥都具有重要意义。长期以来,国内外关于土壤养分空间变异的研究大都集中在田块级小尺度或县乡级大尺度,而对村级尺度下的土壤养分空间变异性研究很少。村级单位是

全文：同一标准,均量管理,同时增施微量元素Fe、Zn肥料,从而达到养分平衡管理的目标。采用这一养分管理模式选择葡萄、猕猴桃进行田间试验,取得较好的产量和较高的经济效益。

西周井田制新探

作者： 张勋   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 宗族公社   西周土地宗族说   井田制  

描述： 井田制问题由来已久，自孟子起已两千余载，至今仍是扑朔迷离，列代大圣高贤都有宝贵箴言，研究成果粲然丰硕。但前人提及井田制，多有否认井田制者，认为井田多是孟子基于现实的理想化制度。因为关于井田制度的历史记载多有冲突，如《孟子》与《周礼》记载不符，且即使是《周礼》本身记载也是自相矛盾，后世的记载更是与这两

全文：土地王有制，在法律上的王族集体所有制，经济上的多层宗族所有制表现出来的公私田的两重性的概念。在对宗族公社的论述中，首先释疑宗族公社这一概念，然后论述公社存在形态，释解宗族公社，作为原始公社制的遗留，分析

渭北旱塬果园生态系统水肥调控技术研究

作者： 索改弟   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 土壤水分   苹果   深层干燥化   聚水集肥控根技术   渭北旱塬   根系  

描述： 随着果业种植规模的持续扩大，种植年限的增加以及化肥等的大量投入，渭北地区果园生态系统出现了一些严重问题，如土壤水分调控能力下降，出现了深层干燥化；化肥施用量大，利用率低下，造成了硝态氮深层累积等。为此本研究针对果园水肥利用率问题，在运用地表覆盖技术对果树进行调控的基础上，将起垄和壤中人工防渗层相结合

全文：的持续发展提供依据。结果表明： （1）起垄（垄台地膜—秸秆双重覆盖，垄沟覆盖秸秆）不同位置的土壤储水量在年周期内呈现双峰曲线变化趋势，分别在9月和2月达到高峰。在同等的位置上，垄沟部分含水量高于对照，垄台

先秦至隋唐时期传统节日文化研究

作者： 韩学山   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 先秦至隋唐   禁忌   节日文化   巫术  

描述： 本文主要运用民俗学、人类学和文化学等学科的相关理论方法，以中国古代汉族传统节同节俗为研究对象，对先秦至隋唐时期的节庆文化作了一个整体分析和解释。以期实现“两个突破”，即方法论上的突破和对传统文化内涵解释上的突破，尝试探索传统文化更深层次的底蕴。 节日节庆文化是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，先秦至隋唐时

全文：分析研究问题，普通民众开始冷静地思考对待传统节日的态度。 随着民俗学研究工作的长足进展，以及民俗学在同常生活和市场经济中显示出的巨大潜力，深挖民俗潜在资源，能够创造多种现实价值。因此，传统节庆文化

黄河流域史前至两汉小麦种植与推广研究

作者： 李成   来源： 西北大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 史前至两汉时期   面食加工技术   黄河流域   小麦   种植  

描述： 在中国农业史上,以黄河流域为中心的旱作农业体系曾发生过重大转变：小麦种植经过漫长的发展,最终取代粟成为北方地区的首要栽培作物。考古资料显示,小麦在黄河流域最早出现的确切时间是龙山时代,然而此后却长期在农业生产中不受重视；从西汉晚期开始,才逐渐在该地区得到了大范围推广。与此同时,小麦的社会地位也逐渐提

全文：在农业生产中不受重视；从西汉晚期开始,才逐渐在该地区得到了大范围推广。与此同时,小麦的社会地位也逐渐提高,并对中国古代社会经济、文化等方面产生了深远影响。 本文运用考古学、历史学等方法,分析梳理

西部特色杂粮产业发展的SWOT分析

作者： 苏旺   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 战略   西部   SWOT分析   特色杂粮   比较优势  

描述： 特色杂粮包括荞麦(甜荞、苦荞)、糜子、谷子、籽粒苋、燕麦、薏苡、青稞、豌豆、绿豆、小豆、豇豆、芸豆、蚕豆、小扁豆、黑豆等,主要分布在东北、华北、西北、西南地区,其中陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆、四川、贵州、云南、内蒙古等西部省区是我国特色杂粮的优势产区。特色杂粮在西部粮食生产中占有重要地位,对发展西

全文：生产比较优势;运用SWOT分析法对西部特色杂粮产业进行了详细分析,提出促进西部特色杂粮产业发展的思路和对策,研究得出如下主要结果: (1)与东中部相比,西部特色杂粮、谷类杂粮生产具有明显的规模比较

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：理论来进行的明代经济史研究,大多关注统治阶级与被统治阶级的矛盾。本文的研究表明,在统治阶层内部,更加注重国家整体利益的官僚士大夫和过分强调私人利益的、以皇帝为核心的利益团体之间存在长久而深刻的矛盾

文化认同与文化控制：秦汉民间信仰研究

作者： 李秋香   来源： 河南大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 文化控制   文化认同   功能变迁   秦汉   民间信仰  

描述： le's understanding and regarding for the universe and the life at that time.

全文：的重要意义。 所谓秦汉民间信仰,它的信仰者不仅仅包括处于社会基层的广大民众,而且包括一些地方官吏和皇室上层。秦汉民间信仰的形成有其特殊的历史背景,即稳定的农业经济基础、深厚的历史文化积淀和大一统的政治环境

当代中国新型农村公共服务体系研究

作者： 方堃   来源： 华中师范大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 新型农村公共服务体系   “服务三角”模型   整体性治理   碎片化  

描述： lions of farmers, greatly emancipated and developed the rural productive forces, and fundamentally improved the majority of farmers' production and living conditions. The economy and society of rural area in China has undergone

全文：党的十一届三中全会以来,农村改革的伟大实践,极大地调动了亿万农民的积极性,极大地解放和发展了农村生产力,极大地改善了广大农民的物质文化生活,中国农村经济社会面貌发生了巨大而深刻的变化。进入新世纪以来