历史时期西部基本农区的变迁研究

作者： 蔡泉   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2001 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 西部地区   历史时期   农区变迁  

描述： 本文所谓西部，是现代划分法，包括了陕甘宁青新、云贵川藏渝等十个省、自治区和直辖市。 西部地区是我国的农业发源地之一。由于其重要的军事意义，早在两千多年前的周秦时期，内地王朝已开始以关中为核心农区，对广阔的西部疆域进行拓边、开发，其间历经几起几落。本文从农区衍变的角度出发，引用生态经济学和历史地理学的

全文：，进而总结出其中的规律性，为本地区在今之“西部大开发”中的进一步发展提供历史的启迪和根据。 本研究的主要结论有： 1．历史时期的西部农区开发，呈现出时间上的不连续性和地域上的不平衡性，农区与牧区不断迭

番茄在中国的传播及其影响研究

作者： 刘玉霞   来源： 南京农业大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 传播   番茄   分布   影响   原因  

描述： 明清时期，中外交流频繁，美洲作物不断传入我国。美洲作物的引进、栽培和发展是中国社会经济发展过程中具有重大意义的活动。这些作物的引进大大丰富了中国作物的种类，对中国农业及饮食结构产生重要影响。国内对美洲作物的引进和传播研究较多，但大多侧重粮食作物，对蔬菜作物缺乏研究。 本文以番茄在中国的传播为研究对象

全文：了番茄在中国的引种与推广历程。明末，番茄传入中国，山西、贵州、云南均有记载。清初，番茄传到福建、台湾及华北地区的山西、山东、河北及陕西等。清中后期，扩展到云南、湖南、江苏、浙江等地。民国时期，番茄

清代洮河中下游地区农业开发初探

作者： 孛鹏旭   来源： 西北师范大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 清代   洮河流域   农业开发   生态环境变迁  

描述： 本文从地域上选取自然环境较完整、经济文化交流较密切、同属农耕区的洮河中下游地区为探讨对象，选取时代性鲜明、农业开发成果显著、环境压力较大、前后期对比较为明显的清代为探讨时段。从历史地理学的角度研究农业开发，并探讨生态环境变迁过程，在方法论上力求以区域历史地理学的综合方法来进行研究。 全文包括三部分，

全文：举影响本区农业开发的自然特征及开发背景与政策。 第二部分包括第三--六章。第三章探讨影响清代本区农业开发的人口发展状况，对有清一代本区狄道州（县）、岷州（卫）、河州、渭源的人口进行系统的统计与估算

植物河道水流特性和稳定河相关系研究

作者： 王燕   来源： 中国海洋大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 仙农熵   水流特性   生态河流   根系加固   河相关系  

描述： made for economic prosperity. At the same time, some man-made natural disasters have been paid more and more attentions , so the research on hydraulic characteristics of the river in recent years has been put on the agenda. Considering the ecological environment, flood control, pollution prevention and control method, and in view of the perspective of the urban landscape as well as the national strategic plan for sustainable development, the research the hydraulic characteristics of river and making river reasonably repair and ecological reconstruction will become a general trend, because that is a kind of remediation measure for human to be done unreasonable exploitation, and it also will be the strong protection of river resources and sustainable model for better using river resources in the future.

全文：污染角度,还是从城市景观的角度,乃至从国家可持续发展的战略部署考虑,研究河流的水力特性,使河流能够得到切合自身特点的生态修复都是大势所趋,是对人类前期不合理开发河流的补救措施,也是今后继续利用河流资源

现代农业园区规划设计研究

作者： 管丽娟   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 规划设计   产业规划   现代农业园区   物质景观规划  

描述： votal role to the development of agriculture.

全文：多,究其原因可知,园区前期规划的合理性、创新性等对园区的运营有很重要的影响,在这种情况下,对现代农业园区的规划设计进行研究有重要的实际意义,可以为今后农业园区的研究提供参考,并为园区的规划建设提供一种新的规划

唐代西北地区政治地理格局变动研究

作者： 魏昀   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 唐朝   疆域   羁縻府州   屯田   交通  

描述： th about three of culture and materials the country's territory changed a lot. The country's territory was in an extending period before and the An-Shi Armed Rebellion, and once extended to the Central Asia area.At the same time, the Tang government founded the Ji-Mi-Fu-Zhou system in the Western Regions. The situation changed rapidly when the An-Shi Armed Rebellion broke out. Then the central government mobilized the troops in the Western Regions to participating in putting down the Rebellion, so the border defence was weakened. Tu-bo took the chance to occupy a large amount of territory. Almost Long You Area was oppupied by Tu-bo later in Tang Dynasty. The thesis is divided into five chapters: political geography circumstance in northwest area in early Tang Dynasty，including the situation of physical geography and the nation regime; the political geography situation in the extending period of territory from Tai Zong to Gao Zong;the political geography situation in the stable period of territory from Wu-zhou era to An-Shi Armed Rebellion;the political geography situation in the shrinking period of territory after An-Shi Armed Rebellion;relationship between the change of political geography situation and economy and traffic. Conclusion: From A.D. 7th to 9th century，Asia-Erope Continent was a place where Tang, Da-shi and Tu-bo contended for political space. The country's power of politics, economy and military strengthened before An-Shi Armed Rebellion, and part of the Central Asia area belonged to Tang government. The territory reached to an unparalleled scale at that time, which can be divided into three parts: the capital area where Chang-an and Luoyang were located in was the empire's center of politics, culture and military; the Zheng-zhou that around the captals was where the finance of central government stemmed from; the Ji-mi-fu-zhou system Tang government founded in the frontier area was the military buffer zone with nation regimes in vicnity. At the same time, Tu-bo appeared in the stage of history in A.D 7th century. After the King Song-zan-gan-bu unified the Tibet plateau, Tu-bo's power strengthed rapidly and harassed Tang's frontiers inceasingly. The Tang government put the defense police actively into effect so as to resist Tu-bo's aggression and defend country's benefit in Long-you area. When An-Shi Armed Rebellion broke out, Tu-bo took the chance to occupy vast territory of Tang Dynasty, like Minzhou, Lanzhou, Kuozhou, Guazhou, and so on. Eventually, almost all Long-you areas belonging to Tang Dynasty was occupid by Tu-bo. In the field of geopolitics, the national power strengthened in the earlier stage of Tang Dynasty and stronger than Tu-bo. Tu-bo didn't have the strength contending with Tang Dynasty, even harassed the frontier once a while. Until the An-Shi Armed Rebellion, the Tang government had no more advantage and the national power was weakened.

全文：唐代是中国历史上的鼎盛王朝之一。唐王朝近三百年历史,在创造了无与伦比的物质和精神文明的同时,国家的疆域也发生了剧烈变化。以安史之乱为界,唐前期,国家的疆域处于一个不断扩展的时期,唐王朝的势力范围

唐宋隐逸词史论

作者： 徐拥军   来源： 苏州大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 和战之争   清空说   党争   心路历程   唐宋词   隐逸  

描述： reclusion in "The Book of Odes", the earliest Chinese poetries .Hereafter, reclusion has become an

全文：过程中扮演了较为重要的角色,并最终形成了隐逸词这一大词的门类。本文将对唐宋隐逸词史进行勾勒叙述,展现不同阶段隐逸词的风貌。 第一章主要论述唐五代北宋前期隐逸词。第一节对唐五代的隐逸词进行梳理,并分析唐五代

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：至万历朝是太仓库演变速度最快和最集中的时期,除“财政储备”功能之外,它还逐步担当起负责北京和边镇常规开支的财政职责。万历前期,太仓库的财政地位达到顶峰。万历中期以后,太仓库的“财政储备”功能日益减缩

清代林业科学技术研究（1644—1911）

作者： 石彦君   来源： 北京林业大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 林业思想   清代   科学技术   林业  

描述： 21世纪是生态文明的世纪，中国的森林保护和生态环境建设将对中国乃至全球的生态文明建设做出积极贡献。科学技术是第一生产力，科学技术的发展成就加快了人类文明的进程。林业科学技术的迅速发展，亦将有力的支撑和推动21世纪中华生态文明的建设。因此，认真研究和总结清代林业科学技术的成就和成果，吸取和借鉴清代林业

全文：致富，治生唯农”、“本末皆富，庶为富基”的思想，促进了林业科学技术的发展。 清后期，随着西方商人和传教士等的不断东来，西方国家对我国的植物资源开展了广泛而深入的调查研究，出版发行一系列

《水经注》研究

作者： 徐中原   来源： 苏州大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 叙事散文   水经   郦道元   水经注   山水散文  

描述： rinciples of the theory" and "holistic principle", as the main study followed the principles and methods, strive to occupy a wealth of research datas, focus on first-hand information from the start, mainly from a literary perspective, but give due consideration to the geographical composition, attempts to have a more thorough and systematic study and discussion.

全文：出现残缺,其版本变得多样化、复杂化。此后,《水经注》在校勘而修复中产生不同版本,流传绵延开去。从宋至清,产生了许多著名版本,如《水经注笺》、大典本《水经注》、《水经注释》、《七校水经注》、殿本《水经注