银川市耕地变化与基本农田空间布局优化研究

作者： 李建春   来源： 中国农业大学 年份： 2014 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： GIS   耕地   土地评价   基本农田   土地利用/覆被变化  

描述： 耕地是土地资源中的精华,人们获取农产品的基础条件。结合我国人多地少的国情,以及城市化过程中不可避免占用耕地的状况,更加凸显了耕地保护研究的重要性。通过选取西部地区具有典型代表的银川市作为研究区,结合遥感和GIS,分析了在快速城市化背景下区域耕地变化规律性特点,识别耕地变化关键驱动因子,预测耕地变化趋

全文：和科学支撑,本研究主要结论如下： (1)在快速城市化的背景下,通过对银川市耕地数量、空间与质量变化规律分析表明：1989-2009年间,耕地表现出持续快速膨胀式扩张的特点。1999年前,耕地增加主要

基于文化生态学的庆阳农耕文化与区域环境关系研究

作者： 苗红   来源： 兰州大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 庆阳   文化剖面   响应   农耕文化   环境影响  

描述： 文化是人地相互作用的产物和综合表现。研究文化与自然及人文环境的响应，探索文化在人类与环境相互作用下的形成过程是了解人地关系的重要途径。庆阳农耕文化具有悠久性、多元性和连续性，是研究文化与环境响应的典型“剖面”。因此，本文选取庆阳农耕文化为研究对象，从文化生态学(Cultural Ecology)的视

全文：农业及农耕文化产生、形成和发展的影响，即本文的第三章：1)特殊的黄土结构、地理景观的边缘效应、围合与尺度效应以及隔离效应，从居所、食物获取和安全保障三个方面为人类提供了理想的长期定居条件，为农业和文

先秦至隋唐时期传统节日文化研究

作者： 韩学山   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 先秦至隋唐   禁忌   节日文化   巫术  

描述： 本文主要运用民俗学、人类学和文化学等学科的相关理论方法，以中国古代汉族传统节同节俗为研究对象，对先秦至隋唐时期的节庆文化作了一个整体分析和解释。以期实现“两个突破”，即方法论上的突破和对传统文化内涵解释上的突破，尝试探索传统文化更深层次的底蕴。 节日节庆文化是中国传统文化的重要组成部分，先秦至隋唐时

全文：为龙舟竞渡仪式提供一个背景时间和关于这个时间的一些信仰心理、禁忌仪式；第二方面的述说龙舟竞渡作为一种驱除禳灾仪式，及其对时间的选择。这样从两个方面说明了时间(端午)和仪式(龙舟竞渡)二者之间的互选是有

汉代储粮方式的考古学观察

作者： 张玮   来源： 南京大学 年份： 2012 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 建筑类储粮设施   储粮环节   汉代   容器类贮粮器  

描述： 本文着眼于汉代仓储遗址和汉墓中出土的仓储模型明器和画像砖石,从汉代储粮环节上对贮粮设施和器具进行分类讨论,从粮食收割入仓到厨房炊煮,研究每个阶段相应的贮粮方式和器具,力图更加贴近汉代人的饮食生活,将汉代人日常贮粮的一整个环节展现出来。 汉代储粮设施的发现主要有仓储遗址、画像上的仓储形象和仓储模型明器

全文：形制等方面探讨了容器类贮粮器的类型和功能,推测其为家用小型贮粮器,并称其为“粮罐”,并对四川、重庆地区“粮罐”的基本情况进行了梳理,根据“粮罐”腹部的变化分为直腹、鼓腹、斜直腹或斜弧腹、扁腹、瘦高型直腹五种

临夏砖雕艺术

作者： 张伯智   来源： 西北师范大学 年份： 2005 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 临夏砖雕   画像砖   镂空雕   河州砖雕   门罩   小麦加   浅浮雕   线雕   真教寺   伊斯兰文化  

描述： 临夏回族自治州地处甘肃省西南部,素有“小麦加”之称,秦汉以来历为丝绸之路要道,伊斯兰文化和穆期林风情独具特色。临夏砖雕,又称河州砖雕,更是民族特色浓厚、深受回族人民喜爱的民间艺术奇葩。 砖雕是我国独特的建筑雕刻艺术,发展源远流长,至少已有两千多年的历史。在不同的历史发展阶段中的砖雕,各自呈现出不同的

全文：飘逸,具有强烈的生活趣味。 临夏砖雕的制作工艺主要分“捏活”和“刻活”两种,一软一硬。“捏活”就是捏软泥,即先把配制好的粘土泥巴用手工或模具捏制、倒压成各种图案,然后入窑烧制为成品,作为建筑材料,主要

“一线两带”区域特色农业发展激励机制研究

作者： 方伟   来源： 西北农林科技大学 年份： 2005 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农户   激励机制   特色农业   一线两带  

描述： 区域特色农业发展要求将本地区的农业资源优势转化为市场竞争中的竞争优势,区域相对优势在经济中的表现,就是相对成本较低,在市场机制有效发挥情况下,成本优势必然会使各个地区发展农业时用自身资源优势来参与竞争,从宏观格局上体现出特色农业发展状态。陕西“一线两带”地区,一方面在农业资源方面具有比较优势,另一方

全文：市场的动力受到自身决策环境的限制,使得发展传统农业的效用超过了发展特色农业的效用。有效的市场机制可以内生一种竞争激励,使得农户将自身资源优势转化为竞争优势,但市场参与程度低造成竞争激励机制无法使资源

宋代香药业经济研究

作者： 夏时华   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2012 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 香药贸易   宋代   政府香药经营   香药消费   民间香药经营  

描述： 宋代香药进口贸易、贩运、加工生产、销售,直至香药消费,已形成一个重要的香药业经济。本文从宋代香药朝贡贸易和民间海外香药贸易、政府对香药的禁榷经营、民间香药销售和生产加工经营、香药业与其他产业的关联、宋代社会的香药消费等方面对宋代香药业经济作了考察。 在北宋前期,统治者出于树立国威的政治需求而积极鼓励

全文：共同抵御贸易风险,宋代海商采取了资本与资本的合伙经营以及资本与劳动的合伙经营制度,这无疑是一种较好的制度选择,有利于当时海外香药贸易的发展。另外,丰厚利润驱使、东南亚诸国与宋代之间经济差异互补、市舶抽解

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：,太仓库与北边军镇开支的财政关系也就此得到进一步强化。 总之,明代财政制度是随着时间发展和相应而来的不同因素对比的变化而不断变化的,从来没有凝固在一种定式上。明代财政史乃至中国古代制度史的研究应当

我国农村微型金融服务及风险防范研究

作者： 刘星   来源： 西南财经大学 年份： 2010 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农村经济   微型金融服务   风险控制   农村金融  

描述： Finance is the core of modern economy. Economy determines finance and finance counter-react to economy. Keeping a virtuous cycle between economic

全文：的基础上,结合我国农村金融风险的现状,探讨农村微型服务的风险防范和安全体系,具有重要的理论和实践意义。 1、论文的主要内容 全文分为前言和正文两个部分。前言部分首先阐述了论文选题的国内外背景和研究意义

汉代农业生产管理研究

作者： 黄富成   来源： 南京农业大学 年份： 2007 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 农耕文明   小农经济   农业技术   汉代   农业生产   政府管理  

描述： 农业是自然再生产和社会再生产的统一，是社会经济的基础，是整个古代世界具有决定性的生产部门。两汉时期，为巩固集权统治地位，政府加强了对社会经济干预的程度，农业生产和发展的各种资源性要素，如土地配置、人口流动、技术传播、铁器布控、经济交流乃至农本文化的宣教、农田开发等因受集权政府政治、经济发展的战略及制

全文：税赋苛责，也是汉代农业经济发展的重要力量。 第三章：汉代铁农具的铸造与监管。铁器为田农之本，铁农具的应用和进步直接体现了农业发展的水平。铁官制度是指政府垄断铁器的生产、冶铸与销售渠道，铁器作为一种重要