元末明初隐逸研究

作者： 李方   来源： 北京语言大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 元末明初   隐逸   思想   行为  

描述： 隐逸是一种针对仕宦而产生的概念与行为,它在中国传统社会文化体系中占有重要的地位,对士人乃至整个民族的心理都有着极为广泛而深远的影响。本文试以元明鼎革及明初刑法苛严等为背景,在分析文本的基础上,对该

全文：隐逸是一种针对仕宦而产生的概念与行为,它在中国传统社会文化体系中占有重要的地位,对士人乃至整个民族的心理都有着极为广泛而深远的影响。本文试以元明鼎革及明初刑法苛严等为背景,在分析文本的基础上,对该

金农书法研究

作者： 刘秀伟   来源： 山西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 书体成因   书法   金农   艺术观   风格渊源  

描述： d the fame of being the master to prose, poem and draw in the history.

全文：审美思想;“返璞归真,以拙为妍”则体现了金农内心世界的“率真”以及他为人为艺的质朴。 第三部分介绍金农的书体风格及渊源。金农一生的书法,大致可分为“渴笔八分”、行草、隶书、写经体楷书、楷隶混合体

魏晋南北朝绘画构图浅析

作者： 杨玉山   来源： 西北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 魏晋南北朝   构图   审美   绘画  

描述： creativity. With the collapse of the Han Dynasty, the knowledge class

全文：魏晋南北朝时期是中国历史上社会极混乱,人生极痛苦,同时又极具艺术氛围,极富有艺术创新的时代。随着大汉帝国的崩毁,知识阶层被逐渐边缘化,在多年的政治厮杀中,士人中的一部分开始对社会政治采取了一种疏离

植物河道水流特性和稳定河相关系研究

作者： 王燕   来源： 中国海洋大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 仙农熵   水流特性   生态河流   根系加固   河相关系  

描述： made for economic prosperity. At the same time, some man-made natural disasters have been paid more and more attentions , so the research on hydraulic characteristics of the river in recent years has been put on the agenda. Considering the ecological environment, flood control, pollution prevention and control method, and in view of the perspective of the urban landscape as well as the national strategic plan for sustainable development, the research the hydraulic characteristics of river and making river reasonably repair and ecological reconstruction will become a general trend, because that is a kind of remediation measure for human to be done unreasonable exploitation, and it also will be the strong protection of river resources and sustainable model for better using river resources in the future.

全文：的有力保障和可持续模式。 在对目前河道特性研究综述的前提下,本文对滩地种有植物的复式河道的水力特性、河宽动力调整进行了物理模型试验研究。选用麦冬草作为复式河道的滩地上的滩地植被进行试验,通过使用ADV

吐鲁番出土文书语言研究

作者： 陸娟娟   来源： 浙江大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 語言   格式套語   吐魯番文書   俗語詞  

描述： ed fruitful results.Turfan studies has become an international famous learning to be on a par with Dunhuang studies.But the study of the language of Turfan Manuscripts has not received the attention it deserves,especially most of the Turfan Manuscripts are civilian appliance documents.The value of its language is not only in a high

全文：注意，尤其是叶冉番出土文書多為民間應用文書，其語言價值不僅表現在口語化程度高、俗字俗語詞多，同時亦表現在具有應用文書語言的特点，即有固定的文體格式和套語。語言研究是其他各項研究的基礎，吐魯番文書語料

发展现代农业：现实挑战与路径选择

作者： 杨超   来源： 曲阜师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 发展机遇   现代农业   现实困境   科技创新  

描述： ricultural modernization. In view of the overall situation, there is need to follow the general

全文：根本的不同,现代农业是以用现代物质条件装备,用现代科学技术改造,用现代产业体系提升,用现代经营形式推进,用现代发展理念引领的农业产业形态。现代农业的基本特征是:科技进步主导性、资源配置市场化、产业结构

古代保健“茶汤”的医学史研究

作者： 苏诺   来源： 中国中医科学院 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 医学发展史   保健饮品   茶汤  

描述： ning traditional tea or non-tea drinks (soft drinks).

全文：发展过程,各种保健“茶汤”种类、功效与制作等相关内容,总结各时代保健“茶汤”发展规律与特点。 本文按时代分成六个部分论述,并根据各时期发展的特点拟订了标题: 1.先秦的水、酒、浆、茶 本章讨论了先秦时期

宋代都市笔记研究

作者： 郑继猛   来源： 陕西师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 《武林旧事》   《东京梦华录》   宋代   都市笔记  

描述： , spiri other cultural elements, etc. as its center.

全文：分析了都市笔记记录的城市之“观”:包括“许观”的意义与“观者如堵”的爱好等。第三节分析了都市笔记所反映出的城市文化类别,分五个方面做了详细的讨论分析:政治、民俗、娱乐、饮食和伎艺等,通过分析,论述

明代太仓库研究

作者： 苏新红   来源： 东北师范大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 太仓库   年例银   北边军饷   盐法   户部   明代财政  

描述： the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was always changing, this dissertation makes research on the state silver Treasury of the Ming Jiajing, Cunji Salt(存积盐effective way to solve this problem was to cultivate generations of gentry scholars with high-level morals. That was the fundamental reason that the Ming country preferred the selection and appointment of virtued talents to the complex and precise construction of the country’s systems. The basic problem of the Ming Dynasty’s tax system did not lie in whether the tax rate was high or low, but lie in the up-grading contradiction between the country’s decreasing ability to collect taxes and the increasing financial need in reality. The standard to measure the Ming Dynasty’s financial system was whether it corresponded to Ming people’s financial ideas and values. Compared with the modern capital society in which the personal interest has its natural justice, Ming China, with the limited productive capability, paid the most possible attention to the living conditions of the maximum current people. Judged by this idea, Ming China’s tax policy aiming to maintain the society’s steadiness and the minimum economic developing level was at least comprehensible rather than preposterous. ) was occasionally sold and the silver got by this was sent to Taicangku due to Taicangku’s financial need. However, this behaviour never became formally systematized. In the Jiajing period, in the dilemma that the forefathers’ governing systems should be maintained and the problem that Kaizhong System(开中制 ) could not effectively meet the north military towns’ financial need, a two-way system was formed gradually, in which Zhengyan(the original amount of salt controlled by the government, 正盐 ) was still kept for the north military towns and Yuyan(the residual salt, 余盐 ) was sold into silver and the silver was sent to Taicangku. Through this system, the Ministry of Revenue collected most of the incomes of the salt system into Taicangku and therefore strengthened its supervision and control towards the Salt Monopoly system. Because of the principle that the income from the Salt Monopoly system should be used to provide the military provisions and pays, which was set up in the early Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Taicangku and the north military towns’ financial expenditures was further strengthened too. All in all, the financial system of the Ming Dynasty was full of life and it kept changing as time went by or under the influences of different historical factors. This transforming process never ceased. Thus the study on the financial system of the Ming Dynasty or even the systems of the traditional China should pay attention to the community’s whole life process that the concerned system lived in. Only in this way can the reforming reasons and the basic conditions of the studied system be understood more clearly. As to the Emperor’s power in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system, it seems that the previous study has exaggerated it. In the Ming Dynasty, it had a clear tendency that the government’s public finances and the emperor’s personal finances separated from each other step by step. In this process, the Ministry of Revenue had a certain amount of administrative power towards Taicangku. Although all the economic decisions should get the emperor’s permission at last, it did not mean that the emperor’s financial power could not be divided or all the institutions under the emperor had only duties but no powers. Most of the previous study on the Ming Dynasty’s economics used the class struggle theory and paid too much attention to the contradictions between the ruling classes and the ruled ones. This dissertation’s study shows that inside the ruling classes there were enduring and profound struggles between the gentry scholars, who paid more attention to the country’s entire benefits, and the interest group with the emperor at the core, who put too much emphasis on their personal interests. The goal of the Ming Dynasty’s finances was to maintain the proper administration of the country by levying the minimum taxes and the ideological essence behind it was to protect the basic physical living conditions of the maximum people. The contradiction between the personal interest and the country’s public benefit was the basic problem in the Ming Dynasty’s financial system. Under the condition of keeping the imperial system unchanged, the comparatively practical and Dynasty, which in Chinese was called “Taicangku”（太仓库） , and aims to draw a line of what Taicangku’s financial system and status were and how they changed as the time went by. In order to show the main vertical line of Taicangku’s evolution, the basic method is to arrange the concerned historical materials in the chronological sequence. As to the bibliography, Mingshilu (《明实录》 ) keeps a complete record from the beginning to the end of the Ming Dynasty, and thus covers the whole developing course of Taicangku, which makes it the core document of this dissertation. Meanwhile, in order to know more precisely about the lateral condition of Taicangku’s financial system and status, this dissertation makes full use of the historical documents on the Ming Dynasty’s systems, such as Zhusizhizhang (《诸司职掌》 ), Minghuidian (《明会典》 ) , Taicangkao (《太仓考》 ), Wanli Kuaijilu (《万历会计录》 ) and so on. Besides, the collected works of Zhao Shiqing (赵 世卿) , Bi Ziyan (毕自严 ), Ni Yuanlu (倪元璐 ), who were the First Lord of the Ministry of Revenue (户部尚书 ), contain many official papers on Taicangku and therefore are important to this dissertation. This dissertation also refers to many other gentry scholars’ personal collected works or official papers. This dissertation’s study shows that Neiku( 内库 ) was an institution both for the government’s public finances and the imperial household’s private finances at the early period of the Ming Dynasty. As Neiku kept reducing its government financial duties and became mainly the setup for the imperial household’s private finances, Taicangku,which was set up in the seventh year of Zhengtong’s reign（正统） , took up more and more public financial duties of the country. Besides, the larger and larger silver need in the north military towns was another reason that Taicangku’s revenue items kept increasing. After a long and slow evolving process in Zhengtong, Jingtai(景泰 ), Tianshun(天顺 ),Chenghua(成化 ) and so on, Taicangku developed quickly in Jiajing(嘉靖 ), Longqing(隆庆 ) and Wanli (万历 ). As Taicangku’s revenue became larger, its financial status got higher and this process reached its peak in the first period of Wanli, when its income in the outside warehouse was used for the regular expenditures in the capital and the north military towns while the silvers in the old and underground warehouses were stored and saved for military emergencies or serious natural calamities. At this period, the income of Neiku was used mainly for the imperial household’s expenses. In the middle period of Wanli, on one hand, the financial need of the north military towns was still expanding while the Ministry of Revenue was no longer capable of enlarging Taicangku’s revenue items and its income amount, which resulted in the bigger and bigger gap between Taicangku’s fixed revenue and the north military towns’ practical financial need. On the other hand, Taicangku’s revenue items and its practical income amount kept decreasing due to the increase of the uncollected taxes and exempted taxes so that it was unable to pay its fixed amount of annual silver to the north military towns. Although the augmentation of new taxes and the borrowings from the old and underground warehouses of Taicangku and the Ministry of Revenue in Nanjing relieved Taicangku from its financial difficulties temporarily, they could neither change the tendency that Taicangku’s income became less and less nor alter the fact that the financial needs of the north military towns kept increasing. The reverse transformations between Taicangku’s practical revenue and the north military towns’ financial needs led to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty’s government finances. Among Taicangku’s spending items, the most important one was the annual silver sent to the north military towns. In the early and middle developing periods of Taicangku, Taicangku’s annual silver was only a part of the Capital’s annual silver(Jingyunyin, 京运银 ). At the end of Jiajing and the beginning of Longqing, Taicangku took up the main duty to provide the Capital’s annual silver. In the early period of Wanli, the issue of Taicangku’s annual silver was ruled by the steady system and this part of silver became a regular component of the north military towns’ financial provisions to maintain their fundamental administration. From then on to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s annual silver and the Capital’s annual silver became one thing. Although the record of Taicangku’s providing the annual silver could be seen in the documents of Chenghua, the record of its yearly provided amount appeared in the first year of Longqing. In Jiajing’s reign, Taicangku had become the important setup to grant the Capital’s annual silver, although there were not enough historical materials to prove that this period’s Capital annual silver was entirely taken on by Taicangku. In Longqing and the early period of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver was steady and the difference between different years was not big; the budget of Taicangku’s annual silver could be realized and there was no big gap between the budget amount and the practical granted amount of Taicangku’s annual silver. From the fifteenth year of Wanli to the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, the yearly amount of Taicangku’s annual silver increased quickly and formed so much financial pressure to Taicangku that the Ministry of Revenue had to borrow silver from its own old and underground warehouses, or from the the silver storehouse of the Court of the Imperial Stud(Taipusi, 太仆寺 ). On the other hand, as Taicangku’s practically colleted revenue became less and less, Taicangku’s practical expenditure of its annual silver became decreasing. From the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, the annual silver’s budget of the previously built warehouse of Taicangku（ Jiuku， 旧库） stopped increasing and maintained at a relatively steady level. At the same time, the practical silver amount that Taicangku provided to the north military towns reduced quickly and the gap between them became larger and larger. At the end of Longqing and the beginning of Wanli, the proportion of Taicangku’s annual silver and the north military towns’ total amount of military provisions was almost equal to one third. On one side, this rate showed that Taicangku’s annual silver had become very important to the north military towns; on the other hand, this rate also reflected that the provisions of the north military towns were not completely relied on Taicangku’s annual silver and the incomes from the Soldiers’ Field (Tuntian，屯田 )， peasant-transported tax (Minyun, 民运) and salt monopoly, which were two thirds of the whole provisions of the north military towns, were still the fundamental part. The basic financial principle of the Ming Dynasty was to expend according to the income and this year’s revenue and stock were usually expended for the next year. However, in the most years after Jiajing, due to the high financial pressure of the north military towns and the fact that the income was not enough to cover the expending need, the Ming government had to take measures to enlarge Taicangku’s revenue items. As a result, some of the provisional income items or the items that were meant to meet certain emergencies finally became formal and institutional elements of Taicangku’s income. In the most years from the late period of Wanli to Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditure frequently exceeded its yearly income. Not only the newly-added revenue could not be collected, but also more and more original amount of income could not be collected. In most of the recorded years from the seventh year of Jiajing until Chongzhen, Taicangku’s yearly expenditures exceeded its yearly revenues. However, in this situation, Ming China’s financial system kept running for more than a century. The first reason was that the editors of Mingshilu had a strong inclination to choose Taicangku’s losing years to record, which strengthened the impression that Taicangku was at a loss for a long period. The second reason was that Taicangku’s revenue amount generally referred to the incomes of the fixed tax items while the borrowed silver from other institutions were included in Taicangku’s expenditures but excluded from Taicangku’s incomes. The third reason was that one of the motive forces of Taicangku’s development was its enlarging financial expenditures. The last reason was that Taicangku’s value to the Ming government’s financial system, especially to the north military towns’ militrary provisions and pays, was not fundamental but subsidiary. Finally, the history of the evolving relationship between Taicangku and Salt Monopoly system showed that the Jiajing period was the watershed of their financial relationship. Before

全文：本文以明代太仓库为研究对象,从基本财政体制及国家与社会互动的角度,用动态的眼光对其进行考察。其基本目标是展现太仓库作为明代中央财政核心库藏机构的制度设置、管理、变更历程,考察太仓库收支项目、数量

敦煌文献服饰词研究

作者： 叶娇   来源： 浙江大学 年份： 2009 文献类型 ： 学位论文 关键词： 唐五代   敦煌文獻   服飾詞   俗字  

描述： uage and

全文：的语料價值,再结合服饰祠的实隙用例,论證了敦煌服饰词的研究封敦煌学研究、近代汉捂研究、服饰研究、辞害编纂的实際参考價值。第四章是第三章的造一步深化和补充,著重探封了服饰词的结構和應用,反映了唐五代時期